Magnetic Levitation is the phenomenon of suspending an object in mid-air using magnetic fields. This project uses an electromagnet for magnetic levitation. The strength of the attraction depends on the strength of the magnets and the distance between them. If the electromagnet is turned on, the magnetic field will be stronger and the attraction will be greater.
The magnetic lift force is: F = _ * B * A * cos(_)
The purpose of this research is to develop a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) feedback controller that uses three parameters to control the system. These parameters are proportional-integral and proportional-derivative. The proportional-integral term corrects the steady-state error. The proportional-derivative term corrects the transient response: overshoot & settling time. The instrumentation amplifier detects output voltages from the Hall Effect Sensor.

The Hall Effect Sensor senses the levels of magnetism in the air around it. This uses the Hall Effect principle which produces voltage across a conductor when placed in a magnetic field.
The type of current used to levitate magnets in this project is DC. The mathematical parameters are designed in the feedback loop of the control system.

This project will aim to suspend an object with mass of 10g from a distance of 4.5cm from the electromagnet, by means of magnetic levitation, with a robust stability.